Solar cells, also known as photovoltaic (PV) cells, are devices that convert sunlight into electricity. They are made from special materials called semiconductors, which are able to absorb sunlight and generate an electric current.

The process of generating electricity from sunlight begins with the absorption of light by the semiconductor material. When sunlight hits the material, it excites the electrons, causing them to become energized and move freely. This movement of electrons creates an electric current.

The semiconductor material is typically made from silicon, which is a common element found in sand. The silicon is processed into a crystalline structure, which is then cut into thin wafers. These wafers are then used to make solar cells.

A solar cell consists of two layers of semiconductor material, one with a positive charge and the other with a negative charge. When sunlight hits the cell, it excites the electrons in the positive layer, causing them to flow through the negative layer and create an electric current.

The electric current generated by the solar cell is direct current (DC) electricity, which is different from the alternating current (AC) electricity used in homes and businesses. To convert the DC electricity into AC electricity, a device called an inverter is used.

Solar cells are arranged in panels, which are designed to capture as much sunlight as possible. The panels are typically mounted on a roof or in a solar array, and are angled to face the sun. The more sunlight that hits the panels, the more electricity they will generate.

The amount of electricity generated by a solar cell depends on several factors, including the amount of sunlight it receives, the efficiency of the cell, and the temperature of the cell. Solar cells are typically most efficient at temperatures between 59 and 95 degrees Fahrenheit.

In addition to generating electricity, solar cells have several other benefits. They are renewable, meaning they will never run out, and they produce no emissions or pollution. They are also relatively low maintenance, and can last for up to 30 years or more.