Password storage is another important application of hash functions like SHA-256. Storing salted hashes of passwords is a secure way to store passwords for authentication purposes. Here's how it works:

1. Password salting: A random value (salt) is added to the password before hashing.

2. Hashing: The password and salt are hashed using a hash function like SHA-256.

3. Storage: The resulting hash value is stored in the database or password storage system.

When the user attempts to log in, the process is repeated:

1. Password input: The user enters their password.

2. Salting and hashing: The input password is combined with the stored salt and hashed using the same hash function (SHA-256).

3. Comparison: The resulting hash value is compared with the stored hash value.

If the hash values match, the password is considered valid, and the user is authenticated.

Using salted hashes of passwords provides several security benefits:

- Prevents password exposure: Even if the password storage is compromised, the attacker only gets the hash value, not the original password.

- Protects against rainbow table attacks: Salted hashes make it difficult for attackers to use precomputed tables (rainbow tables) to crack passwords.

- Ensures password uniqueness: Even if two users have the same password, the salted hashes will be different.

By using SHA-256 or other hash functions to store salted hashes of passwords, organizations can ensure secure authentication and protect their users' sensitive information.