Blocks are data structures within the blockchain database, where transaction data in a cryptocurrency blockchain are permanently recorded.

A block records some or all of the most recent transactions not yet validated by the network. Once the data are validated, the block is closed. Then, a new block is created for new transactions to be entered into and validated.

A block is thus a permanent store of records that, once written, cannot be altered or removed.

A blockchain network witnesses a great deal of transaction activity. When used in cryptocurrency, maintaining a record of these transactions helps the system track how much was or wasn't used and which parties were involved. The transactions made during a given period are recorded into a file called a block, which is the basis of the blockchain network.

A block stores information. There are many pieces of information included within a block, but it doesn't occupy a large amount of storage space.

Blocks generally include these elements, but it might vary between different types:

•Magic number: A number containing specific values that identify that block as part of a particular cryptocurrency's network.

•Blocksize: Sets the size limit on the block so that only a specific amount of information can be written in it.

•Block header: Contains information about the block.

•Transaction counter: A number that represents how many transactions are stored in the block.

•Transactions: A list of all of the transactions within a block.

The transaction element is the largest because it contains the most information.

It is followed in storage size by the block header, which includes these sub-elements:

•Version: The cryptocurrency version being used.

•Previous block hash: Contains a hash (encrypted number) of the previous block's header.

•Hash Merkle root: Hash of transactions in the Merkle tree of the current block.

•Time: A timestamp to place the block in the blockchain.

•Bits: The difficulty rating of the target hash, signifying the difficulty in solving the nonce.

•Nonce: The encrypted number that a miner must solve to verify the block and close it.

One 32-bit number in the header is called a nonce—the mining program uses random numbers to "guess" the nonce in the hash. When a nonce is verified, the hash is solved when the nonce, or a number less than it, is guessed. Then, the network closes that block, generates a new one with a header, and the process repeats.

Different mechanisms are used to reach a consensus; the most popular for cryptocurrency is proof-of-work (PoW), with proof-of-stake (PoS) becoming more so because of the reduced energy consumption compared to PoW

MINING'S RELATIONSHIP TO BLOCKS

Mining is the term used for solving the number that is the nonce, the only number that can be changed in a block header. It is also the process the cryptocurrency's network uses if proof-of-work is used in the protocol.

Cryptocurrency mining is commonly thought to be a complex mathematical problem; it is actually a random number generated through hashing.

Hashing is the process of encrypting information using the encryption method a cryptocurrency uses. For example, Bitcoin uses SHA256 for its encryption algorithm.

For a miner to generate the "winning" number, the mining program must use SHA 256 to hash random numbers and place them into the nonce to see if it is a match.

The difficulty lies in that all previous block headers are encrypted randomly. Hence, the current block header is a randomly generated encrypted number based on the randomly generated encrypted numbers of previous blocks and information from the current block.

The linking of blocks through cryptographic hashes and the inclusion of the previous block's hash in the header create a tamper-resistant and chronological chain of blocks.

Once a block is added to the blockchain, altering any information within it would require changing subsequent blocks, making the blockchain secure against tampering and fraud.

OTHER BLOCK AND BLOCKCHAIN USES

Because most blockchain definitions refer to Bitcoin because it was the first cryptocurrency to use one, many people associate blocks and blockchains with Bitcoin. However, other cryptocurrencies use blocks and blockchains as well. It's important to note that Ethereum's network has a cryptocurrency called ether that also uses blocks and blockchain

However, Ethereum and its blockchain were designed for multiple uses that extend to much more than cryptocurrency. For example, non-fungible tokens, smart contracts, decentralized finance applications, and more have been developed using Ethereum.

HOW IS A BLOCKCHAIN BLOCK CREATED ?

Blocks are created when miners or block validators successfully validate the encrypted information in the blockheader, which prompts the creation of a new block.